diff --git a/include/modules/hyprland/backend.hpp b/include/modules/hyprland/backend.hpp
index a6ebd191..7c6369da 100644
--- a/include/modules/hyprland/backend.hpp
+++ b/include/modules/hyprland/backend.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <list>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 #include <utility>
@@ -35,9 +36,22 @@ class IPC {
   Json::Value getSocket1JsonReply(const std::string& rq);
   static std::filesystem::path getSocketFolder(const char* instanceSig);
 
+  /// Dispatch a Hyprland command. Automatically uses the correct protocol
+  /// (legacy text or Lua-based) depending on the running Hyprland version.
+  static std::string dispatch(const std::string& dispatcher, const std::string& arg);
+
+  /// Build a Lua-format dispatch command string.
+  static std::string buildLuaDispatch(const std::string& dispatcher, const std::string& arg);
+
  protected:
   static std::filesystem::path socketFolder_;
 
+  /// Detect whether the running Hyprland uses the Lua-based IPC protocol.
+  /// Returns true for Hyprland >= 0.54 (Lua config), false for older versions.
+  static bool isLuaProtocol();
+
+  static std::optional<bool> s_luaProtocolDetected_;  // cached detection result
+
  private:
   void socketListener();
   void parseIPC(const std::string&);
diff --git a/include/modules/memory.hpp b/include/modules/memory.hpp
index 3b6342b3..c73ece23 100644
--- a/include/modules/memory.hpp
+++ b/include/modules/memory.hpp
@@ -19,9 +19,13 @@ class Memory : public ALabel {
  private:
   void parseMeminfo();
 
+  static float calc_divisor(const std::string& divisor);
+
   std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned long> meminfo_;
 
   util::SleeperThread thread_;
+
+  std::string unit_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace waybar::modules
diff --git a/include/modules/network.hpp b/include/modules/network.hpp
index 3bc43b23..66fc6d04 100644
--- a/include/modules/network.hpp
+++ b/include/modules/network.hpp
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class Network : public ALabel {
 
   unsigned long long bandwidth_down_total_{0};
   unsigned long long bandwidth_up_total_{0};
+  unsigned long long bandwidth_down_prev_{0};
+  unsigned long long bandwidth_up_prev_{0};
   std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point bandwidth_last_sample_time_;
 
   std::string state_;
diff --git a/man/waybar-memory.5.scd b/man/waybar-memory.5.scd
index 567c2c72..99f57299 100644
--- a/man/waybar-memory.5.scd
+++ b/man/waybar-memory.5.scd
@@ -102,23 +102,29 @@ Addressed by *memory*
 	default: false ++
 	Enables this module to consume all left over space dynamically.
 
+*unit*: ++
+	typeof: string ++
+	default: GiB ++
+	Used to specify unit for total, swapTotal, used, swapUsed, avail, swapAvail,
+	and swapState. Accepts B, kB, kiB, MB, MiB, GB, GiB, TB, and TiB.
+
 # FORMAT REPLACEMENTS
 
 *{percentage}*: Percentage of memory in use.
 
 *{swapPercentage}*: Percentage of swap in use.
 
-*{total}*: Amount of total memory available in GiB.
+*{total}*: Amount of total memory available. Defaults to GiB.
 
-*{swapTotal}*: Amount of total swap available in GiB.
+*{swapTotal}*: Amount of total swap available. Defaults to GiB.
 
-*{used}*: Amount of used memory in GiB.
+*{used}*: Amount of used memory. Defaults to GiB.
 
-*{swapUsed}*: Amount of used swap in GiB.
+*{swapUsed}*: Amount of used swap. Defaults to GiB.
 
-*{avail}*: Amount of available memory in GiB.
+*{avail}*: Amount of available memory. Defaults to GiB.
 
-*{swapAvail}*: Amount of available swap in GiB.
+*{swapAvail}*: Amount of available swap. Defaults to GiB.
 
 *{swapState}*: Signals if swap is activated or not
 
diff --git a/src/AAppIconLabel.cpp b/src/AAppIconLabel.cpp
index b72906c3..784f30c2 100644
--- a/src/AAppIconLabel.cpp
+++ b/src/AAppIconLabel.cpp
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ std::string toLowerCase(const std::string& input) {
 
 std::optional<std::string> getFileBySuffix(const std::string& dir, const std::string& suffix,
                                            bool check_lower_case) {
-  if (!std::filesystem::exists(dir)) {
-    return {};
-  }
-  for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(dir)) {
-    if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
-      std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
-      if (filename.size() < suffix.size()) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      if ((filename.compare(filename.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0) ||
-          (check_lower_case && filename.compare(filename.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(),
-                                                toLowerCase(suffix)) == 0)) {
-        return entry.path().string();
+  try {
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator(dir)) {
+      if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
+        std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
+        if (filename.size() < suffix.size()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if ((filename.compare(filename.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(), suffix) == 0) ||
+            (check_lower_case && filename.compare(filename.size() - suffix.size(), suffix.size(),
+                                                  toLowerCase(suffix)) == 0)) {
+          return entry.path().string();
+        }
       }
     }
+  } catch (const std::filesystem::filesystem_error&) {
   }
 
   return {};
diff --git a/src/bar.cpp b/src/bar.cpp
index 6a78707e..7ff73c4f 100644
--- a/src/bar.cpp
+++ b/src/bar.cpp
@@ -541,13 +541,15 @@ void waybar::Bar::getModules(const Factory& factory, const std::string& pos,
           auto vertical = (group != nullptr ? group->getBox().get_orientation()
                                             : box_.get_orientation()) == Gtk::ORIENTATION_VERTICAL;
 
-          auto group_config = config[ref];
+          const Json::Value& group_config = config[ref];
           if (group_config["modules"].isNull()) {
             spdlog::warn("Group definition '{}' has not been found, group will be hidden", ref);
           }
-          auto* group_module = new waybar::Group(id_name, class_name, group_config, vertical);
-          getModules(factory, ref, group_module);
-          module = group_module;
+          auto group_module = std::make_unique<waybar::Group>(
+          id_name, class_name, group_config, vertical);
+
+          getModules(factory, ref, group_module.get());
+          module = group_module.release();
         } else {
           module = factory.makeModule(ref, pos);
         }
diff --git a/src/modules/battery.cpp b/src/modules/battery.cpp
index d39c4920..25436baf 100644
--- a/src/modules/battery.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/battery.cpp
@@ -117,17 +117,16 @@ void waybar::modules::Battery::refreshBatteries() {
       if (((bat_defined && dir_name == config_["bat"].asString()) || !bat_defined) &&
           (fs::exists(node.path() / "capacity") || fs::exists(node.path() / "charge_now")) &&
           fs::exists(node.path() / "uevent") &&
-          (fs::exists(node.path() / "status") || bat_compatibility) &&
-          fs::exists(node.path() / "type")) {
+          (fs::exists(node.path() / "status") || bat_compatibility)) {
         std::string type;
-        std::ifstream(node.path() / "type") >> type;
-
-        if (!type.compare("Battery")) {
+        if (std::ifstream{node.path() / "type"} >> type && !type.compare("Battery")) {
           // Ignore non-system power supplies unless explicitly requested
-          if (!bat_defined && fs::exists(node.path() / "scope")) {
+          if (!bat_defined) {
             std::string scope;
-            std::ifstream(node.path() / "scope") >> scope;
-            if (g_ascii_strcasecmp(scope.data(), "device") == 0) {
+            // for hotplug-in device, access it is always unstable because you may remove the
+            // device anytime so just allow failure happen and do nothing
+            if (std::ifstream{node.path() / "scope"} >> scope &&
+                g_ascii_strcasecmp(scope.data(), "device") == 0) {
               continue;
             }
           }
@@ -275,11 +274,11 @@ waybar::modules::Battery::getInfos() {
       auto bat = item.first;
       std::string _status;
 
-      /* Check for adapter status if battery is not available */
-      if (!std::ifstream(bat / "status")) {
-        std::getline(std::ifstream(adapter_ / "status"), _status);
-      } else {
-        std::getline(std::ifstream(bat / "status"), _status);
+      {
+        std::ifstream f{bat / "status"};
+        if (!std::getline(f, _status)) {
+          std::getline(std::ifstream(adapter_ / "status"), _status);
+        }
       }
 
       // Some battery will report current and charge in μA/μAh.
@@ -288,64 +287,64 @@ waybar::modules::Battery::getInfos() {
       uint32_t current_now = 0;
       int32_t _current_now_int = 0;
       bool current_now_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "current_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream current_now_f{bat / "current_now"}) {
         current_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "current_now") >> _current_now_int;
-      } else if (fs::exists(bat / "current_avg")) {
+        current_now_f >> _current_now_int;
+      } else if (std::ifstream current_avg_f{bat / "current_avg"}) {
         current_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "current_avg") >> _current_now_int;
+        current_avg_f >> _current_now_int;
       }
       // Documentation ABI allows a negative value when discharging, positive
       // value when charging.
       current_now = std::abs(_current_now_int);
 
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "time_to_empty_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "time_to_empty_now"}) {
         time_to_empty_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "time_to_empty_now") >> time_to_empty_now;
+        f >> time_to_empty_now;
       }
 
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "time_to_full_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "time_to_full_now"}) {
         time_to_full_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "time_to_full_now") >> time_to_full_now;
+        f >> time_to_full_now;
       }
 
       uint32_t voltage_now = 0;
       bool voltage_now_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "voltage_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream voltage_now_f{bat / "voltage_now"}) {
         voltage_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "voltage_now") >> voltage_now;
-      } else if (fs::exists(bat / "voltage_avg")) {
+        voltage_now_f >> voltage_now;
+      } else if (std::ifstream voltage_avg_f{bat / "voltage_avg"}) {
         voltage_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "voltage_avg") >> voltage_now;
+        voltage_avg_f >> voltage_now;
       }
 
       uint32_t charge_full = 0;
       bool charge_full_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "charge_full")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "charge_full"}) {
         charge_full_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "charge_full") >> charge_full;
+        f >> charge_full;
       }
 
       uint32_t charge_full_design = 0;
       bool charge_full_design_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "charge_full_design")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "charge_full_design"}) {
         charge_full_design_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "charge_full_design") >> charge_full_design;
+        f >> charge_full_design;
       }
 
       uint32_t charge_now = 0;
       bool charge_now_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "charge_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "charge_now"}) {
         charge_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "charge_now") >> charge_now;
+        f >> charge_now;
       }
 
       uint32_t power_now = 0;
       int32_t _power_now_int = 0;
       bool power_now_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "power_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "power_now"}) {
         power_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "power_now") >> _power_now_int;
+        f >> _power_now_int;
       }
       // Some drivers (example: Qualcomm) exposes use a negative value when
       // discharging, positive value when charging.
@@ -353,28 +352,28 @@ waybar::modules::Battery::getInfos() {
 
       uint32_t energy_now = 0;
       bool energy_now_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "energy_now")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "energy_now"}) {
         energy_now_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "energy_now") >> energy_now;
+        f >> energy_now;
       }
 
       uint32_t energy_full = 0;
       bool energy_full_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "energy_full")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "energy_full"}) {
         energy_full_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "energy_full") >> energy_full;
+        f >> energy_full;
       }
 
       uint32_t energy_full_design = 0;
       bool energy_full_design_exists = false;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "energy_full_design")) {
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "energy_full_design"}) {
         energy_full_design_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "energy_full_design") >> energy_full_design;
+        f >> energy_full_design;
       }
 
       uint16_t cycleCount = 0;
-      if (fs::exists(bat / "cycle_count")) {
-        std::ifstream(bat / "cycle_count") >> cycleCount;
+      if (std::ifstream f{bat / "cycle_count"}) {
+        f >> cycleCount;
       }
       if (charge_full_design >= largestDesignCapacity) {
         largestDesignCapacity = charge_full_design;
@@ -404,9 +403,9 @@ waybar::modules::Battery::getInfos() {
       } else if (energy_now_exists && energy_full_exists && energy_full != 0) {
         capacity_exists = true;
         capacity = 100 * (uint64_t)energy_now / (uint64_t)energy_full;
-      } else if (fs::exists(bat / "capacity")) {
+      } else if (std::ifstream f{bat / "capacity"}) {
         capacity_exists = true;
-        std::ifstream(bat / "capacity") >> capacity;
+        f >> capacity;
       }
 
       if (!voltage_now_exists) {
diff --git a/src/modules/cpu_frequency/linux.cpp b/src/modules/cpu_frequency/linux.cpp
index 83f06aa5..7b927cdc 100644
--- a/src/modules/cpu_frequency/linux.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/cpu_frequency/linux.cpp
@@ -23,23 +23,21 @@ std::vector<float> waybar::modules::CpuFrequency::parseCpuFrequencies() {
 
   if (frequencies.size() <= 0) {
     std::string cpufreq_dir = "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq";
-    if (std::filesystem::exists(cpufreq_dir)) {
+    try {
       std::vector<std::string> frequency_files = {"/cpuinfo_min_freq", "/cpuinfo_max_freq"};
       for (auto& p : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(cpufreq_dir)) {
         for (const auto& freq_file : frequency_files) {
           std::string freq_file_path = p.path().string() + freq_file;
-          if (std::filesystem::exists(freq_file_path)) {
-            std::string freq_value;
-            std::ifstream freq(freq_file_path);
-            if (freq.is_open()) {
-              getline(freq, freq_value);
-              float frequency = std::strtol(freq_value.c_str(), nullptr, 10);
-              frequencies.push_back(frequency / 1000);
-              freq.close();
-            }
+          std::string freq_value;
+          std::ifstream freq(freq_file_path);
+          if (freq.is_open()) {
+            getline(freq, freq_value);
+            float frequency = std::strtol(freq_value.c_str(), nullptr, 10);
+            frequencies.push_back(frequency / 1000);
           }
         }
       }
+    } catch (const std::filesystem::filesystem_error&) {
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/modules/hyprland/backend.cpp b/src/modules/hyprland/backend.cpp
index d0371202..08cf97c1 100644
--- a/src/modules/hyprland/backend.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/hyprland/backend.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "util/scoped_fd.hpp"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
 namespace waybar::modules::hyprland {
 
 std::filesystem::path IPC::socketFolder_;
+std::optional<bool> IPC::s_luaProtocolDetected_;
 
 std::filesystem::path IPC::getSocketFolder(const char* instanceSig) {
   static std::mutex folderMutex;
@@ -290,4 +292,69 @@ Json::Value IPC::getSocket1JsonReply(const std::string& rq) {
   return parser_.parse(reply);
 }
 
+bool IPC::isLuaProtocol() {
+  if (s_luaProtocolDetected_.has_value()) {
+    return *s_luaProtocolDetected_;
+  }
+
+  // Probe: send a harmless old-style dispatch and check the error.
+  // In Lua-based Hyprland (>= 0.54) the error contains "hl.dispatch".
+  // In older versions it returns "ok" or a different error.
+  auto reply = getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace __waybar_probe__");
+  bool luaProto = reply.find("hl.dispatch") != std::string::npos;
+
+  if (luaProto) {
+    spdlog::info("Hyprland IPC: detected Lua-based dispatch protocol (Hyprland >= 0.54)");
+  } else {
+    spdlog::info("Hyprland IPC: detected legacy dispatch protocol");
+  }
+
+  s_luaProtocolDetected_ = luaProto;
+  return luaProto;
+}
+
+std::string IPC::buildLuaDispatch(const std::string& dispatcher, const std::string& arg) {
+  // Map old-style dispatchers to the new Lua hl.dsp API.
+  //
+  // Old format:  dispatch workspace 1
+  // New format:  /dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = "1" })
+  //
+  // Old format:  dispatch focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor 2
+  // New format:  /dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = "2", monitor = "current" })
+  //
+  // Old format:  dispatch togglespecialworkspace name
+  // New format:  /dispatch hl.dsp.workspace.toggle_special("name")
+
+  if (dispatcher == "workspace") {
+    return "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"" + arg + "\" })";
+  }
+  if (dispatcher == "focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor") {
+    return "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"" + arg + "\", monitor = \"current\" })";
+  }
+  if (dispatcher == "togglespecialworkspace") {
+    if (arg.empty()) {
+      return "/dispatch hl.dsp.workspace.toggle_special()";
+    }
+    return "/dispatch hl.dsp.workspace.toggle_special(\"" + arg + "\")";
+  }
+
+  // Fallback for any other dispatcher: try the old format wrapped in dispatch().
+  // This may not work for all dispatchers, but it's a reasonable default.
+  spdlog::warn("Hyprland IPC: unknown dispatcher '{}' in Lua mode, attempting generic format",
+               dispatcher);
+  return "/dispatch hl.dsp." + dispatcher + "(\"" + arg + "\")";
+}
+
+std::string IPC::dispatch(const std::string& dispatcher, const std::string& arg) {
+  if (isLuaProtocol()) {
+    return getSocket1Reply(buildLuaDispatch(dispatcher, arg));
+  }
+  // Legacy format: "dispatch <dispatcher> <arg>"
+  std::string cmd = "dispatch " + dispatcher;
+  if (!arg.empty()) {
+    cmd += " " + arg;
+  }
+  return getSocket1Reply(cmd);
+}
+
 }  // namespace waybar::modules::hyprland
diff --git a/src/modules/hyprland/workspace.cpp b/src/modules/hyprland/workspace.cpp
index 21e7ef9b..753893f2 100644
--- a/src/modules/hyprland/workspace.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/hyprland/workspace.cpp
@@ -71,20 +71,20 @@ bool Workspace::handleClicked(GdkEventButton* bt) const {
     try {
       if (id() > 0) {  // normal
         if (m_workspaceManager.moveToMonitor()) {
-          m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor " + std::to_string(id()));
+          IPC::dispatch("focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor", std::to_string(id()));
         } else {
-          m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace " + std::to_string(id()));
+          IPC::dispatch("workspace", std::to_string(id()));
         }
       } else if (!isSpecial()) {  // named (this includes persistent)
         if (m_workspaceManager.moveToMonitor()) {
-          m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor name:" + name());
+          IPC::dispatch("focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor", "name:" + name());
         } else {
-          m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace name:" + name());
+          IPC::dispatch("workspace", "name:" + name());
         }
       } else if (id() != -99) {  // named special
-        m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch togglespecialworkspace " + name());
+        IPC::dispatch("togglespecialworkspace", name());
       } else {  // special
-        m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch togglespecialworkspace");
+        IPC::dispatch("togglespecialworkspace", "");
       }
       return true;
     } catch (const std::exception& e) {
diff --git a/src/modules/hyprland/workspaces.cpp b/src/modules/hyprland/workspaces.cpp
index f794249b..2496117f 100644
--- a/src/modules/hyprland/workspaces.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/hyprland/workspaces.cpp
@@ -1195,15 +1195,15 @@ bool Workspaces::handleScroll(GdkEventScroll* e) {
 
   if (dir == SCROLL_DIR::DOWN || dir == SCROLL_DIR::RIGHT) {
     if (allOutputs()) {
-      m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace e+1");
+      IPC::dispatch("workspace", "e+1");
     } else {
-      m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace m+1");
+      IPC::dispatch("workspace", "m+1");
     }
   } else if (dir == SCROLL_DIR::UP || dir == SCROLL_DIR::LEFT) {
     if (allOutputs()) {
-      m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace e-1");
+      IPC::dispatch("workspace", "e-1");
     } else {
-      m_ipc.getSocket1Reply("dispatch workspace m-1");
+      IPC::dispatch("workspace", "m-1");
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/modules/memory/common.cpp b/src/modules/memory/common.cpp
index 3c486a33..731f0b08 100644
--- a/src/modules/memory/common.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/memory/common.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ waybar::modules::Memory::Memory(const std::string& id, const Json::Value& config
     dp.emit();
     thread_.sleep_for(interval_);
   };
+  if (config["unit"].isString()) {
+    unit_ = config["unit"].asString();
+  }
 }
 
 auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
@@ -13,15 +16,15 @@ auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
 
   unsigned long memtotal = meminfo_["MemTotal"];
   unsigned long swaptotal = 0;
-  if (meminfo_.count("SwapTotal")) {
+  if (meminfo_.contains("SwapTotal")) {
     swaptotal = meminfo_["SwapTotal"];
   }
   unsigned long memfree;
   unsigned long swapfree = 0;
-  if (meminfo_.count("SwapFree")) {
+  if (meminfo_.contains("SwapFree")) {
     swapfree = meminfo_["SwapFree"];
   }
-  if (meminfo_.count("MemAvailable")) {
+  if (meminfo_.contains("MemAvailable")) {
     // New kernels (3.4+) have an accurate available memory field.
     memfree = meminfo_["MemAvailable"] + meminfo_["zfs_size"];
   } else {
@@ -31,18 +34,19 @@ auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
   }
 
   if (memtotal > 0 && memfree >= 0) {
-    float total_ram_gigabytes =
-        0.01 * round(memtotal / 10485.76);  // 100*10485.76 = 2^20 = 1024^2 = GiB/KiB
-    float total_swap_gigabytes = 0.01 * round(swaptotal / 10485.76);
     int used_ram_percentage = 100 * (memtotal - memfree) / memtotal;
     int used_swap_percentage = 0;
-    if (swaptotal) {
+    if ((bool) swaptotal) {
       used_swap_percentage = 100 * (swaptotal - swapfree) / swaptotal;
     }
-    float used_ram_gigabytes = 0.01 * round((memtotal - memfree) / 10485.76);
-    float used_swap_gigabytes = 0.01 * round((swaptotal - swapfree) / 10485.76);
-    float available_ram_gigabytes = 0.01 * round(memfree / 10485.76);
-    float available_swap_gigabytes = 0.01 * round(swapfree / 10485.76);
+
+    float divisor = calc_divisor(unit_);
+    float total_ram = memtotal / divisor;
+    float total_swap = swaptotal / divisor;
+    float used_ram = (memtotal - memfree) / divisor;
+    float used_swap = (swaptotal - swapfree) / divisor;
+    float available_ram = memfree / divisor;
+    float available_swap = swapfree / divisor;
 
     auto format = format_;
     auto state = getState(used_ram_percentage);
@@ -58,12 +62,12 @@ auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
       label_.set_markup(fmt::format(
           fmt::runtime(format), used_ram_percentage,
           fmt::arg("icon", getIcon(used_ram_percentage, icons)),
-          fmt::arg("total", total_ram_gigabytes), fmt::arg("swapTotal", total_swap_gigabytes),
+          fmt::arg("total", total_ram), fmt::arg("swapTotal", total_swap),
           fmt::arg("percentage", used_ram_percentage),
           fmt::arg("swapState", swaptotal == 0 ? "Off" : "On"),
-          fmt::arg("swapPercentage", used_swap_percentage), fmt::arg("used", used_ram_gigabytes),
-          fmt::arg("swapUsed", used_swap_gigabytes), fmt::arg("avail", available_ram_gigabytes),
-          fmt::arg("swapAvail", available_swap_gigabytes)));
+          fmt::arg("swapPercentage", used_swap_percentage), fmt::arg("used", used_ram),
+          fmt::arg("swapUsed", used_swap), fmt::arg("avail", available_ram),
+          fmt::arg("swapAvail", available_swap)));
     }
 
     if (tooltipEnabled()) {
@@ -71,14 +75,14 @@ auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
         auto tooltip_format = config_["tooltip-format"].asString();
         label_.set_tooltip_markup(fmt::format(
             fmt::runtime(tooltip_format), used_ram_percentage,
-            fmt::arg("total", total_ram_gigabytes), fmt::arg("swapTotal", total_swap_gigabytes),
+            fmt::arg("total", total_ram), fmt::arg("swapTotal", total_swap),
             fmt::arg("percentage", used_ram_percentage),
             fmt::arg("swapState", swaptotal == 0 ? "Off" : "On"),
-            fmt::arg("swapPercentage", used_swap_percentage), fmt::arg("used", used_ram_gigabytes),
-            fmt::arg("swapUsed", used_swap_gigabytes), fmt::arg("avail", available_ram_gigabytes),
-            fmt::arg("swapAvail", available_swap_gigabytes)));
+            fmt::arg("swapPercentage", used_swap_percentage), fmt::arg("used", used_ram),
+            fmt::arg("swapUsed", used_swap), fmt::arg("avail", available_ram),
+            fmt::arg("swapAvail", available_swap)));
       } else {
-        label_.set_tooltip_markup(fmt::format("{:.{}f}GiB used", used_ram_gigabytes, 1));
+        label_.set_tooltip_markup(fmt::format("{:.{}f}GiB used", used_ram, 1));
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -87,3 +91,25 @@ auto waybar::modules::Memory::update() -> void {
   // Call parent update
   ALabel::update();
 }
+
+float waybar::modules::Memory::calc_divisor(const std::string& divisor) {
+  if (divisor == "kB") {
+    return 1.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "kiB") {
+    return 1.024;
+  } else if (divisor == "MB") {
+    return 1.000 * 1000.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "MiB") {
+    return 1.024 * 1024.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "GB") {
+    return 1.000 * 1000.0 * 1000.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "GiB") {
+    return 1.024 * 1024.0 * 1024.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "TB") {
+    return 1.000 * 1000.0 * 1000.0 * 1000.0;
+  } else if (divisor == "TiB") {
+    return 1.024 * 1024.0 * 1024.0 * 1024.0;
+  } else {  // default to GiB if it is anything that we don't recongnise
+    return 1.024 * 1024.0 * 1024.0;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/modules/network.cpp b/src/modules/network.cpp
index a39a5ed3..f43893c5 100644
--- a/src/modules/network.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/network.cpp
@@ -280,23 +280,39 @@ auto waybar::modules::Network::update() -> void {
   std::string tooltip_format;
   auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
   auto elapsed_seconds = std::chrono::duration<double>(now - bandwidth_last_sample_time_).count();
-  if (elapsed_seconds <= 0.0) {
-    elapsed_seconds = std::chrono::duration<double>(interval_).count();
-  }
-  bandwidth_last_sample_time_ = now;
 
-  auto bandwidth = readBandwidthUsage();
   auto bandwidth_down = 0ull;
   auto bandwidth_up = 0ull;
-  if (bandwidth.has_value()) {
-    auto down_octets = (*bandwidth).first;
-    auto up_octets = (*bandwidth).second;
 
-    bandwidth_down = down_octets - bandwidth_down_total_;
-    bandwidth_down_total_ = down_octets;
+  // Only recalculate bandwidth when enough time has elapsed since the last
+  // sample.  Event-driven dp.emit() calls (link/addr/route changes) can
+  // trigger update() between timer intervals, which would consume the byte
+  // delta prematurely and show near-zero bandwidth.
+  auto min_elapsed = std::chrono::duration<double>(interval_).count() * 0.5;
+  if (elapsed_seconds >= min_elapsed) {
+    if (elapsed_seconds <= 0.0) {
+      elapsed_seconds = std::chrono::duration<double>(interval_).count();
+    }
+    bandwidth_last_sample_time_ = now;
 
-    bandwidth_up = up_octets - bandwidth_up_total_;
-    bandwidth_up_total_ = up_octets;
+    auto bandwidth = readBandwidthUsage();
+    if (bandwidth.has_value()) {
+      auto down_octets = (*bandwidth).first;
+      auto up_octets = (*bandwidth).second;
+
+      bandwidth_down = down_octets - bandwidth_down_total_;
+      bandwidth_down_total_ = down_octets;
+
+      bandwidth_up = up_octets - bandwidth_up_total_;
+      bandwidth_up_total_ = up_octets;
+
+      bandwidth_down_prev_ = bandwidth_down;
+      bandwidth_up_prev_ = bandwidth_up;
+    }
+  } else {
+    bandwidth_down = bandwidth_down_prev_;
+    bandwidth_up = bandwidth_up_prev_;
+    elapsed_seconds = std::chrono::duration<double>(interval_).count();
   }
 
   if (!alt_) {
@@ -677,12 +693,15 @@ int waybar::modules::Network::handleEvents(struct nl_msg* msg, void* data) {
                               changed_cidr);
               }
             } else {
-              net->ipaddr_.clear();
-              net->ipaddr6_.clear();
-              net->cidr_ = 0;
-              net->cidr6_ = 0;
-              net->netmask_.clear();
-              net->netmask6_.clear();
+              if (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET) {
+                net->ipaddr_.clear();
+                net->cidr_ = 0;
+                net->netmask_.clear();
+              } else if (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET6) {
+                net->ipaddr6_.clear();
+                net->cidr6_ = 0;
+                net->netmask6_.clear();
+              }
               spdlog::debug("network: {} addr deleted {}/{}", net->ifname_,
                             inet_ntop(ifa->ifa_family, RTA_DATA(ifa_rta), ipaddr, sizeof(ipaddr)),
                             ifa->ifa_prefixlen);
diff --git a/src/modules/niri/workspaces.cpp b/src/modules/niri/workspaces.cpp
index 3e8a432e..97d15215 100644
--- a/src/modules/niri/workspaces.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/niri/workspaces.cpp
@@ -114,6 +114,11 @@ void Workspaces::doUpdate() {
         button.show();
       else
         button.hide();
+    } else if (config_["hide-empty"].asBool()) {
+      if (ws["active_window_id"].isNull() && !ws["is_focused"].asBool())
+          button.hide();
+      else
+          button.show();
     } else {
       button.show();
     }
diff --git a/src/modules/sni/host.cpp b/src/modules/sni/host.cpp
index 18eac643..567fbf9f 100644
--- a/src/modules/sni/host.cpp
+++ b/src/modules/sni/host.cpp
@@ -178,9 +178,11 @@ void Host::addRegisteredItem(const std::string& service) {
     return bus_name == item->bus_name && object_path == item->object_path;
   });
   if (it == items_.end()) {
-    items_.emplace_back(new Item(
-        bus_name, object_path, config_, bar_, [this](Item& item) { itemReady(item); },
-        [this](Item& item) { itemInvalidated(item); }, on_update_));
+    items_.emplace_back(std::make_unique<Item>(
+      bus_name, object_path, config_, bar_,
+      [this](Item& item) { itemReady(item); },
+      [this](Item& item) { itemInvalidated(item); },
+      on_update_));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/test/hyprland/backend.cpp b/test/hyprland/backend.cpp
index ccc2da65..62d23ae4 100644
--- a/test/hyprland/backend.cpp
+++ b/test/hyprland/backend.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ namespace {
 class IPCTestHelper : public hyprland::IPC {
  public:
   static void resetSocketFolder() { socketFolder_.clear(); }
+  static void resetLuaProtocolDetection() { s_luaProtocolDetected_.reset(); }
+  static void setLuaProtocolDetected(bool value) { s_luaProtocolDetected_ = value; }
+  using hyprland::IPC::buildLuaDispatch;
+  using hyprland::IPC::isLuaProtocol;
 };
 
 std::size_t countOpenFds() {
@@ -133,3 +137,78 @@ TEST_CASE("getSocket1Reply failure paths do not leak fds", "[getSocket1Reply][fd
   REQUIRE(after_connect_failures == baseline);
 }
 #endif
+
+// --- Tests for new Lua IPC dispatch functions ---
+
+TEST_CASE("buildLuaDispatch workspace", "[buildLuaDispatch]") {
+  SECTION("numeric workspace") {
+    auto result = IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("workspace", "1");
+    REQUIRE(result == "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"1\" })");
+  }
+  SECTION("named workspace") {
+    auto result = IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("workspace", "name:term");
+    REQUIRE(result == "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"name:term\" })");
+  }
+  SECTION("relative workspace") {
+    auto result = IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("workspace", "e+1");
+    REQUIRE(result == "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"e+1\" })");
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("buildLuaDispatch focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor", "[buildLuaDispatch]") {
+  auto result =
+      IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("focusworkspaceoncurrentmonitor", "3");
+  REQUIRE(
+      result ==
+      "/dispatch hl.dsp.focus({ workspace = \"3\", monitor = \"current\" })");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("buildLuaDispatch togglespecialworkspace", "[buildLuaDispatch]") {
+  SECTION("with name") {
+    auto result =
+        IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("togglespecialworkspace", "scratchpad");
+    REQUIRE(result ==
+            "/dispatch hl.dsp.workspace.toggle_special(\"scratchpad\")");
+  }
+  SECTION("empty arg") {
+    auto result =
+        IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("togglespecialworkspace", "");
+    REQUIRE(result == "/dispatch hl.dsp.workspace.toggle_special()");
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("buildLuaDispatch unknown dispatcher fallback", "[buildLuaDispatch]") {
+  auto result =
+      IPCTestHelper::buildLuaDispatch("unknown_dispatcher", "some_arg");
+  REQUIRE(result ==
+          "/dispatch hl.dsp.unknown_dispatcher(\"some_arg\")");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("dispatch throws when Hyprland is not running", "[dispatch]") {
+  unsetenv("HYPRLAND_INSTANCE_SIGNATURE");
+  IPCTestHelper::resetSocketFolder();
+  IPCTestHelper::resetLuaProtocolDetection();
+
+  CHECK_THROWS(hyprland::IPC::dispatch("workspace", "1"));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("isLuaProtocol uses cached value and avoids socket call",
+          "[isLuaProtocol]") {
+  unsetenv("HYPRLAND_INSTANCE_SIGNATURE");
+  IPCTestHelper::resetSocketFolder();
+
+  SECTION("cached false") {
+    IPCTestHelper::setLuaProtocolDetected(false);
+    // Should return false without throwing (no socket call needed)
+    REQUIRE(IPCTestHelper::isLuaProtocol() == false);
+  }
+
+  SECTION("cached true") {
+    IPCTestHelper::setLuaProtocolDetected(true);
+    // Should return true without throwing (no socket call needed)
+    REQUIRE(IPCTestHelper::isLuaProtocol() == true);
+  }
+
+  // Cleanup: reset detection so other tests aren't affected
+  IPCTestHelper::resetLuaProtocolDetection();
+}